Welcome to the Learn page! Below you will find a variety of resources to learn more about the history of Indigenous enslavement, as well as contemporary perspectives on the issue.
Information about Stolen Relations
Brief Overview of Indigenous Enslavement
Brief Overview of Indigenous EnslavementBrief Overview of Indigenous Enslavement
Brief Overview of Indigenous Enslavement
Brief Overview of Indigenous EnslavementBrief Overview of Indigenous Enslavement
Stories from the Archives
Will Winthrop (Providence, Rhode Island, 1673)
Will Winthrop (Providence, Rhode Island, 1673)Will Winthrop (Providence, Rhode Island, 1673)
Patience Boston (Maine, 1738)
Patience Boston (Maine, 1738)Patience Boston (Maine, 1738)
George Fortman (Evansville, Indiana, 1936)
George Fortman (Evansville, Indiana, 1936)George Fortman (Evansville, Indiana, 1936)
Rachel and Dido (Montville, Connecticut, 1720
Rachel and Dido (Montville, Connecticut, 1720Rachel and Dido (Montville, Connecticut, 1720
Dick (Long Island, New York, 1722)
Dick (Long Island, New York, 1722)Dick (Long Island, New York, 1722)
Jacob (Westchester County, New York, 1757)
Jacob (Westchester County, New York, 1757)Jacob (Westchester County, New York, 1757)
Betsy (Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, 1812)
Betsy (Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, 1812)Betsy (Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, 1812)
Wawaus, alias James Printer (Boston, 1709)
Wawaus, alias James Printer (Boston, 1709)Wawaus, alias James Printer (Boston, 1709)
Sarah John (Berwick, Maine, 1750)
Sarah John (Berwick, Maine, 1750)Sarah John (Berwick, Maine, 1750)
Indigenous voices
Patricia Rocker (Chappaquiddick Wampanoag, Whale Clan)
Patricia Rocker (Chappaquiddick Wampanoag, Whale Clan)Patricia Rocker (Chappaquiddick Wampanoag, Whale Clan)
Videos related to Indigenous slavery history
Did Europeans Enslave Native Americans?
Did Europeans Enslave Native Americans?Did Europeans Enslave Native Americans?
PBS, 2020
Native American Slavery in New England
Native American Slavery in New EnglandNative American Slavery in New England
Margaret Newell, The Ohio State University, 2022
Native American Slavery in Spanish Colonies
Native American Slavery in Spanish ColoniesNative American Slavery in Spanish Colonies
Andrés Reséndez, University of California – Davis, 2022
Indian Slavery: An Unspoken History
Indian Slavery: An Unspoken HistoryIndian Slavery: An Unspoken History
Panel discussion at Brown University, 2016
"American Indian Slave Trade in the Colonial South"
“American Indian Slave Trade in the Colonial South”"American Indian Slave Trade in the Colonial South"
Tyler Boulware, West Virginia University, 2022
Did Europeans Enslave Native Americans?
Did Europeans Enslave Native Americans?Did Europeans Enslave Native Americans?
PBS, 2020
Native American Slavery in New England
Native American Slavery in New EnglandNative American Slavery in New England
Margaret Newell, The Ohio State University, 2022
Native American Slavery in Spanish Colonies
Native American Slavery in Spanish ColoniesNative American Slavery in Spanish Colonies
Andrés Reséndez, University of California – Davis, 2022
Indian Slavery: An Unspoken History
Indian Slavery: An Unspoken HistoryIndian Slavery: An Unspoken History
Panel discussion at Brown University, 2016
"American Indian Slave Trade in the Colonial South"
“American Indian Slave Trade in the Colonial South”"American Indian Slave Trade in the Colonial South"
Tyler Boulware, West Virginia University, 2022
Suggested reading
Perspective: The Other Slavery, Andrés Reséndez
Perspective: The Other Slavery, Andrés ReséndezPerspective: The Other Slavery, Andrés Reséndez
America's Other Original Sin
America’s Other Original SinAmerica's Other Original Sin
Rebecca Onion, Slate, 2016
Colonial enslavement of Native Americans included those who surrendered, too
Colonial enslavement of Native Americans included those who surrendered, tooColonial enslavement of Native Americans included those who surrendered, too
Brown University news service, featuring Linford Fisher
What Slavery Looked like in the West
What Slavery Looked like in the WestWhat Slavery Looked like in the West
The Atlantic, 2021
Perspective: The Other Slavery, Andrés Reséndez
Perspective: The Other Slavery, Andrés ReséndezPerspective: The Other Slavery, Andrés Reséndez
America's Other Original Sin
America’s Other Original SinAmerica's Other Original Sin
Rebecca Onion, Slate, 2016
Colonial enslavement of Native Americans included those who surrendered, too
Colonial enslavement of Native Americans included those who surrendered, tooColonial enslavement of Native Americans included those who surrendered, too
Brown University news service, featuring Linford Fisher
What Slavery Looked like in the West
What Slavery Looked like in the WestWhat Slavery Looked like in the West
The Atlantic, 2021
Podcasts and Radio
An American Secret: The Untold Story of Native American Enslavement
An American Secret: The Untold Story of Native American EnslavementAn American Secret: The Untold Story of Native American Enslavement
Hidden Brain, 2017
Native American Slavery
Native American SlaveryNative American Slavery
First Voices Radio, 2022
Indigenous Enslavement: Part 1
Indigenous Enslavement: Part 1Indigenous Enslavement: Part 1
SPLC, Learning for Justice
An American Secret: The Untold Story of Native American Enslavement
An American Secret: The Untold Story of Native American EnslavementAn American Secret: The Untold Story of Native American Enslavement
Hidden Brain, 2017
Native American Slavery
Native American SlaveryNative American Slavery
First Voices Radio, 2022
Indigenous Enslavement: Part 1
Indigenous Enslavement: Part 1Indigenous Enslavement: Part 1
SPLC, Learning for Justice
Contemporary Sites and Resources
Historical Trauma in Native American Communities
Historical Trauma in Native American CommunitiesHistorical Trauma in Native American Communities
Land Back: The Indigenous Fight to Reclaim Stolen Lands
Land Back: The Indigenous Fight to Reclaim Stolen LandsLand Back: The Indigenous Fight to Reclaim Stolen Lands
PBS, 2022
Historical Trauma in Native American Communities
Historical Trauma in Native American CommunitiesHistorical Trauma in Native American Communities
Land Back: The Indigenous Fight to Reclaim Stolen Lands
Land Back: The Indigenous Fight to Reclaim Stolen LandsLand Back: The Indigenous Fight to Reclaim Stolen Lands
PBS, 2022
Stolen Relations in the News
Millions of Native people were enslaved in the Americas
Millions of Native people were enslaved in the AmericasMillions of Native people were enslaved in the Americas
USA Today, 2025
Confronting Indigenous Enslavement, One Story at a Time
Confronting Indigenous Enslavement, One Story at a TimeConfronting Indigenous Enslavement, One Story at a Time
News from Brown, 2022
Stolen Relations Awarded NEH Digital Humanities Advancement Grant
Stolen Relations Awarded NEH Digital Humanities Advancement GrantStolen Relations Awarded NEH Digital Humanities Advancement Grant
Brown Library News
Millions of Native people were enslaved in the Americas
Millions of Native people were enslaved in the AmericasMillions of Native people were enslaved in the Americas
USA Today, 2025
Confronting Indigenous Enslavement, One Story at a Time
Confronting Indigenous Enslavement, One Story at a TimeConfronting Indigenous Enslavement, One Story at a Time
News from Brown, 2022
Stolen Relations Awarded NEH Digital Humanities Advancement Grant
Stolen Relations Awarded NEH Digital Humanities Advancement GrantStolen Relations Awarded NEH Digital Humanities Advancement Grant
Brown Library News